A study examining data from 299,381 adults in England and Wales has concluded that a 1-percent increase in alcohol beverage prices would result in 6,000 fewer emergency department (ED) visits for violence-related injuries. Nicholas Page, et al., “Preventing violence-related injuries in England and Wales: a panel study examining the impact of on-trade and off-trade alcohol prices,” Injury Prevention, July 2016. After controlling for the effects of poverty, income inequality, youth spending capacity, and seasonality, researchers with Cardiff University’s Violence Research School report that an increase in alcohol beverage prices is negatively associated with violence-related injuries whether the beverages are sold on-trade (“venues where alcohol is sold and consumed”) or off-trade (“venues where alcohol is sold for household consumption”). “There are important implications from these findings for public health and policy. In the long term, evidence from this study suggests that government policies that seek to reduce poverty and financial inequality…
Category Archives Scientific/Technical Items
Swedish researchers have warned that the software packages used to analyze the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) contain flaws that increase the chance of a false positive by as much as 70 percent. Anders Eklund, “Cluster failure: Why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates,” PNAS, June 2016. For more than 15 years, scientists have used fMRI analyses to explore the food addiction framework and the effect of food advertising on the brain, among other things. The Swedish study explains that the majority of fMRI studies rely on SPM, FSL or AFNI software packages based on “parametric statistical methods that depend on a variety of assumptions,” even though these methods have only been validated with simulated—as opposed to real— data. As a result, the researchers questioned whether these methods could potentially show brain activity in its absence, raising the issue of false positives. Using resting-state data…
A meta-analysis examining the effect of dairy fats on health has identified “a small positive association between butter consumption and all-cause mortality, no significant association with incident CVD [cardiovascular disease] or CVD subtypes, and a modest inverse association with type 2 diabetes.” Laura Pimpin, et al., “Is Butter Back? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Butter Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Total Mortality,” PLoS One, June 2016. Relying on data from nine studies that included 636,151 unique participants with 6.5 million person-years of follow-up, researchers reported that “each daily serving of butter (14g/d) was associated with a 1% higher risk of death” from all causes. The pooled data, however, also showed that each 14-gram serving of butter per day was associated with a 4-percent lower incidence of type 2 diabetes, while the studies found no association between butter consumption and stroke, coronary heart disease or total CVD.…
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NAS) has released a study examining research into man-made gene drives, a type of gene editing that allows for the spread of gene modifications “throughout a population of organisms intentionally.” Titled Gene Drives on the Horizon: Advancing Science, Navigating Uncertainty, and Aligning Research with Public Values, the report focuses on techniques that use segments of bacterial DNA—such as clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)—paired with a guide protein (CRISPR-associated protein 9, or Cas9) “to make targeted cuts in an organism’s genome.” Organisms modified using CRISPR-Cas9 then pass these changes to their offspring through sexual reproduction, a process that allows scientists to alter whole populations in an effort to eradicate insect-borne infectious diseases, for example. Calling these developments “both encouraging and concerning,” the report seeks to provide “an independent, objective assessment of the state of knowledge and responsible practices for research, risk assessment,…
A study allegedly linking prenatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure to increased fat mass index (FMI) in children has suggested that the common plasticizer “contribute[s] to developmental origins of adiposity.” Lori A. Hoepner, et al., “Bisphenol A and Adiposity in an Inner-City Birth Cohort,” Environmental Health Perspectives, May 2016. Using data from 369 mother-child pairs enrolled in the Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health New York City birth cohort, the study authors assessed the urinary BPA of mothers during the third trimester of pregnancy and followed up with their children from birth through age 7. Their analysis purportedly shows that although “prenatal BPA concentrations were not associated with birth weight,” they were “positively associated” with FMI, body fat percentage and waist circumference (WC) at age 7 years. Upon closer examination, prenatal BPA exposure was significantly associated with increased FMI and WC in girls, but not boys. As the study further explains, “These…
New research claims that the daily consumption of artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) during pregnancy is associated with increased infant body mass index (BMI). Meghan Azad, et al., “Association Between Artificially Sweetened Beverage Consumption During Pregnancy and Infant Body Mass Index,” JAMA Pediatrics, May 2016. Using food-frequency questionnaire data from 3,033 mother-infant dyads enrolled in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) study, researchers reportedly determined that, when compared to children whose mothers did not consume ASBs during pregnancy, those born to the 5.1 percent of mothers who imbibed ASBs daily were twice as likely to be overweight at age 1. “Infant birth weight was not affected, suggesting that maternal ASB consumption influenced postnatal weight gain rather than fetal growth,” explain the study authors. “These associations were independent of material BMI, diabetes, total energy intake, diet quality, and other known obesity risk factors. No comparable associations were identified for SSB [sugar-sweetened…
A study has allegedly linked fast-food consumption to higher urinary phthalate-metabolite levels but not to increased bisphenol A (BPA) levels. Ami Zota, et al., “Recent Fast Food Consumption and Bisphenol A and Phthalates Exposures among the U.S. Population in NHANES, 2003–2010,” Environmental Health Perspectives, April 2016. Using 24-hour dietary recall data obtained from 8,877 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003- 2010), researchers with George Washington University’s Milken Institute School of Public Health apparently “observed evidence of a positive, dose-response relationship between fast food intake and exposure to phthalates.” The study authors report that, compared to participants who did not consume fast food, those who received more than 34 percent of their total energy intake from fast food had 23.8 percent and 39 percent higher levels of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ΣDEHPm) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNPm), respectively. In particular, the data suggested that (i) “fast food-derived…
A study reevaluating “the traditional diet-heart hypothesis” concludes that replacing dietary saturated fat with vegetable oils lowers serum cholesterol but does not reduce the risk of death from coronary heart disease or other causes. Christopher Ramsden, et al., “Re-evaluation of the traditional diet-heart hypothesis: analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment (1968-73),” BMJ, April 2016. Using previously unpublished data from the Minnesota Coronary Experiment (MCE)—“a double blind randomized controlled trial designed to test whether replacement of saturated fat with vegetable oil rich in linoleic acid reduces coronary heart disease and death by lowering serum cholesterol”—researchers examined data on diet, serum cholesterol and health outcomes for 9,423 women and men ages 20 to 97 years. Their results evidently showed that substituting saturated fat with linoleic acid showed no benefits for coronary atherosclerosis or myocardial infarcts, even though participants in the dietary intervention group exhibited a significant reduction in serum cholesterol…
A new study has allegedly linked a high dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load—“markers of carbohydrate intake”—to an increased risk of lung cancer in non-smokers. Stephanie C. Melkonian, et al., “Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Lung Cancer Risk in Non-Hispanic Whites,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, March 2016. Comparing data from newly diagnosed lung cancer cases to a group of healthy controls, the study authors reportedly found an increased risk for lung cancer among participants with dietary GI in the highest quintile, compared to those in the lowest quintile. In particular, their stratified analyses purportedly noted “a more profound, independent association between dietary GI and lung cancer risk in individuals without traditional lung cancer risk factors.” “Diets high in GI result in higher levels of blood glucose and insulin, which promote glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia,” explain the researchers. “This is only the second study to suggest an independent…
Refuting earlier claims that California wines allegedly contain “dangerously high” levels of arsenic, a new study has concluded that inorganic arsenic in blush, white and red California wines “does not represent a health risk for consumers.” Dennis Paustenbach, et al., “Analysis of Total Arsenic Content in California Wines and Comparison to Various Health Risk Criteria,” American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, January 2016. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to characterize the arsenic content of 101 wines produced or bottled in California, the authors evidently found that blush wines contained the greatest total arsenic concentration, followed by white and then red wines. In particular, the study tested 28 wines singled out in media reports as exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s maximum contaminant level for arsenic in drinking water of 10 μg/L. But even though these wines contained more total arsenic than randomly selected products, “no more than 0.3% of…
