A recent analysis of scientific literature has argued in favor of reclassifying obesity as an addictive disorder based on criteria described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association, version IV, in part because such a reclassification would help initiate policy changes aimed at curbing “the obesity epidemic.” Patricia Allen, et al., “Rationale and Consequences of Reclassifying Obesity as an Addictive Disorder: Neurobiology, Food Environment and Social Policy Perspectives,” Physiology & Behavior, May 2012. Concluding that previous research supports its contention that “common dietary obesity satisfy [sic] all DSM criteria for an addictive disorder,” the article draws parallels between “Big Tobacco” and “Big Food” to suggest that strategies used to reduce smoking rates, such as increased taxation and limits on advertising, could be valid policy models for addressing “food addiction/food dependence.” In particular, the study urges lawmakers and other policy makers to view obesity…
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Anti-sugar crusader Robert Lustig was among the scientists participating in an April 1, 2012, “60 Minutes” interview claiming that studies indicate that sugar is toxic, addictive and can lead to obesity, Type II diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Lustig, an endocrinologist at the University of California, San Francisco, has written extensively about the topic, including an article titled “The Toxic Truth About Sugar” featured in Issue 425 of this Update. Asserting that sugar is as “equally toxic” as high-fructose corn syrup, Ludwig recommended that men daily consume no more than 150 calories of added sugars and women no more than 100, which is less than the amount in one can of soda. “Ultimately this is a public health crisis,” Lustig said in reference to what he deems the excessive amount of sugar in many processed foods. “When it’s a public health crisis, you have to do big things and you…
A recent opinion piece published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience has questioned efforts to conceptualize obesity and overeating “as a food addiction accompanied by corresponding brain changes,” in the process raising concerns about the rush to adopt this model as a foundation for clinical and policy recommendations. Hisham Ziauddeen, et al., “Obesity and the brain: how convincing is the addiction model?,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, April 2012. From the outset, the article distinguishes between two popular views of food addiction, one of which posits that certain foods are addictive and one of which attempts to define food addiction as a “behavioral phenotype” seen in some people with obesity that “resembles drug addiction.” In light of these differing perspectives, the article reviews the “five key pieces of evidence cited in support of addiction model,” that is, (i) “a clinical overlap between obesity (or, more specifically BED [binge-eating disorder]) and drug addiction”; (ii) “evidence of…
A recent study has claimed that frequent ice cream consumption parallels “the tolerance observed in drug addiction” by reducing “activation in reward-related brain regions (e.g., striatum).” Kyle Burger and Eric Stice, “Frequency ice cream consumption is associated with reduced striatal response to receipt of an ice cream-based milkshake,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, March 2012. Researchers apparently used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on 151 healthy-weight adolescents to assess their neural responses upon receipt of a milkshake or a tasteless solution. The results evidently indicated that “milkshake receipt robustly activated the striatal regions,” although the fMRIs of youths who indulged in frequent ice cream consumption showed “a reduced response to milkshake receipt in these reward-centered brain regions.” “These findings suggest that intake of energy-dense foods may contribute to down-regulation of reward circuitry, echoing the effects of frequent drug use,” concluded the study authors, who noted “reduced striatal activation” in subjects…
Glenn Lammi, chief counsel for the Washington Legal Foundation’s Legal Studies Division, has published an article suggesting that if “regulation-by-litigation practitioners” can convince the public and policymakers that “certain foods or substances in foods are ‘addictive,’” lawsuits against food companies are sure to follow. Lammi discusses a November 27 “60 Minutes” report in which a professional flavoring company employee agreed with Morley Safer that the company was “trying to create an addictive taste.” The article also cites studies purportedly showing that foods high in fats and sugars are as addictive as cocaine. According to Lammi, obstacles to such litigation remain. “Liability claims based on consumers’ ‘addiction’ to certain foods would still face substantial hurdles,” he writes, “such as the need to show how an allegedly addictive substance in food caused a plaintiff to become dangerously overweight. Causation is much different from correlation. Lawyers would have to discount the many other…
According to Bloomberg reporters Robert Langreth and Duane Stanford, as researchers publish more studies suggesting that processed foods and sugary drinks have drug-like effects on the brain, “the science of addiction could become a game changer for the $1 trillion food and beverage industries.” In their November 2, 2011, article “Fatty Foods Addictive Like Cocaine in Growing Body of Scientific Research,” the authors contend that if these types of foods and beverages “are proven to be addictive, food companies may face the most drawn-out consumer safety battle since the anti-smoking movement took on the tobacco industry a generation ago.” While industry executives and lobbyists apparently refute these claims, insisting that people do not rob banks “to get the money to buy a candy bar or ice cream or pop,” they are facing a growing body of studies suggesting that foods high in fat and sugar affect brain reward circuits in…
Yale University’s Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity has published a study that reportedly compares addictive eating behavior in both obese and lean women to substance dependence. Ashley Gearhardt, et al., “Neural Correlates of Food Addiction,” Archives of General Psychiatry, April 2011. According to an April 4, 2011, press release, researchers assessed the addictive eating behavior of 48 adolescent women ranging from lean to obese, then used “brain-imaging procedures” to examine (i) “how the brain responded to cues signaling the impending delivery of a highly palatable food (chocolate milkshake) versus cues signaling the impending delivery of a tasteless control solution,” and (ii) how the brain responded “during the actual intake of the chocolate milkshake versus the tasteless solution.” The results apparently suggested that both lean and obese subjects “with higher food addiction scores showed different brain activity patterns than those with lower food addiction scores,” exhibiting “greater activity in…
“Diet soda isn’t as addictive as drugs like nicotine, but something about it seems to make some people psychologically—and even physically—dependent on it,” opens this Health.com article on individuals who drink more than the average amount of diet soda per day. According to journalist Denise Mann, some diet soft drink aficionados imbibe anywhere from four cans to 2 liters every day, raising questions for medical professionals about whether these consumers are “true addicts.” The article cites self-reported “addicts” as well as researchers claiming, for instance, that some diet soda drinkers are simply swapping one compulsive behavior for another, or conditioning themselves to crave diet soft drinks while performing certain activities. But Mann also references research suggesting that “the artificial sweeteners in diet soda (such as aspartame) may prompt people to keep refilling their glass because these fake sugars don’t satisfy like the real thing.” In addition, she notes that although…
A recent study has reportedly likened overeating to a drug addiction, concluding that rats given access to high-fat food exhibited a neurochemical dependency similar to the “reward homeostasis induced by cocaine or heroin.” Paul Johnson and Paul Kenny, “Dopamine D2 Receptors in Addiction-Like Reward Dysfunction and Compulsive Eating in Obese Rats,” Nature Neuroscience, March 28, 2010. Researchers monitored the brains of rats divided into three groups: the first allowed unlimited access to high-fat foods; the second given access to high-fat fare for only one hour per day; and the third fed rat chow only. While the rats in the second group acquired a pattern of compulsive binge eating, consuming 66 percent of their daily calories during the one hour when high-fat food was available, the rats with extended access not only grew obese but also displayed “a progressively worsening deficit in neural reward responses.” The obese rats gradually developed an…
A recent study has reportedly questioned the current availability of scientific literature establishing evidence for physical sugar addiction in humans. David Benton, “The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders,” Clinical Nutrition, January 2010. David Benton, a psychology professor with the University of Swansea in Wales, apparently reviewed previous research on the role of sugar addiction in obesity and eating disorders. Noting a lack of scientific consensus on the term “addiction,” he construed sugar addiction to involve physical craving, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, meaning that “Fasting should increase food cravings, predominantly for sweet items; cravings should occur after an overnight fast; the obese should find sweetness particularly attractive; a high-sugar consumption should predispose to obesity.” Using this definition, Benton apparently found “no support from the human literature for the hypothesis that sucrose may be physically addictive or that addiction to sugar plays a role in…
