The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has released its determination that genetically engineered (GE) salmon produced by AquaBounty Technologies, Inc., is as safe to eat as conventional salmon and will have little effect on the environment. Containing genes from Pacific Chinook salmon and ocean pout that accelerate growth and maturation, AquAdvantage® salmon is the first GE animal approved for human consumption. After spending more than a decade reviewing data on food safety and environmental impacts, the agency apparently concluded that (i) “the inserted genes remained stable over several generations of fish,” (ii) “food from the GE salmon is safe to eat by humans and animals,” (iii) “the genetic engineering is safe for the fish,” and (iv) “the salmon meets the sponsor’s claim about faster growth.” FDA also found that the multiple containment measures taken by land-based production facilities are sufficient to prevent the fish from mixing with wild populations.…
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Conservationist group Oceana has issued a report purportedly finding that 43 percent of salmon samples purchased from U.S. restaurants and grocery stores were mislabeled. As a follow-up to a larger study, Oceana researchers DNA tested 82 salmon samples and compared them to the names under which restaurants and grocers sold them. Of the 32 salmon samples sold as "wild salmon," the tests indicated 69 percent were farmed; "Alaskan" or "Pacific" salmon was also likely to be mislabeled, with five of the nine samples discovered to be farmed Atlantic salmon. Large grocery stores were most likely to advertise their products correctly, while restaurants mislabeled 67 percent of fish offerings. The report further notes that salmon sold out-of-season was much more likely to be mislabeled. “The federal government should provide consumers with assurances that the seafood they purchase is safe, legally caught and honestly labeled,” Beth Lowell, senior campaign director at Oceana,…
The Center for Food Safety, Food & Water Watch and Friends of the Earth (FOE) have authored a May 28, 2015, letter to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), claiming that a draft risk assessment conducted by the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) questions the health and welfare of AquaBounty Technologies Inc.’s genetically modified (GM) salmon. According to FOE, the “never-before-seen” environmental review concludes that AquaBounty’s GM salmon are not only “more susceptible to Aeromonas salmonicida, a type of disease-causing bacteria,” but exhibit “diminished growth rates” and “widely varied performance.” The assessment also reportedly registers “uncertainty” about the function of the gene construct, in addition to faulting the management and operation of AquaBounty facilities for allegedly failing to supply “internal compliance documentation, such as a daily check-list to ensure that all relevant mechanical barriers are in place and functioning properly.” As a result of these findings, the…
Food & Water Watch and the Center for Food Safety (CFS) have reported that AquaBounty Technologies has been fined $9,500 USD for violating environmental regulations in Panama and call for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is assessing the safety of the company’s genetically engineered (GE) salmon, to terminate its review and deny AquaBounty’s pending application to sell GE fish in the United States. The Panamanian National Environmental Authority apparently ruled on October 23, 2014, that AquaBounty failed to secure the permits needed for water use and water discharge before commencing operations. The decision came in response to a complaint filed in 2013 by the environmental organization Centro de Incidencia Ambiental. CFS senior attorney George Kimbrell said, “AquaBounty has not been able to follow the law, because it lacks the capacity, sophistication, will, or all of the above. This decision is also even further proof that FDA is…
California Governor Jerry Brown (D) recently signed a bill (A.B. 504) extending the prohibition of spawning, incubating or cultivating of genetically engineered (GE) salmon in the Pacific Ocean to all state waters. Hatchery production and stocking of transgenic fish is also prohibited. The legislation was sponsored by Assemblymember Wesley Chesbro (D-Arcata), who asserts that the specter of “frankenfish” escaping into California waters “could destroy our native salmonid populations through interbreeding, competition for food and the introduction of parasites and disease.” The new law also restricts medical or scientific research to that performed by “accredited California academic institutions or private entities for research only and not for commercial production,” provided such activities are conducted in closed systems that reduce the “risk of escape of transgenic finfish species and any potential disease they may transmit.” See Press Release of Assemblymember Wesley Chesbro, September 29, 2014. Issue 541
In its October 2014 issue, Consumer Reports will publish an analysis of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) data that supported the agency’s recommendations for fish intake by pregnant women and children, released jointly as draft guidance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014. The magazine compiled a list of low-mercury—including haddock, trout, catfish, and crab—and lowest-mercury fish—including shrimp, tilapia, oysters, and wild and Alaska salmon—and detailed the amounts considered safe for consumption for young children and women of childbearing age. The guide includes more conservative advice than the draft guidance from FDA and EPA, such as recommending that most women and young children avoid marlin and orange roughy in addition to the listed swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and gulf tilefish. The magazine cites Deborah Rice, co-author of the EPA document that established the current limit on methylmercury consumption as 0.1 microgram per kilogram of body weight…
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and several conservation groups have agreed to a settlement that limits pesticide use near salmon habitats in three states in a lawsuit accusing the agency of failing to assess the effects of pesticides on salmon despite a 2004 court decision ordering it to consult with National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) on the issue. Nw. Ctr. for Alts. To Pesticides v. EPA, No. 10 1919 (W.D. Wash., stipulated settlement agreement filed August 13, 2014). The settlement bans aerial spraying of five pesticides—carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion, and methomyl—within 300 feet and ground applications within 60 feet of salmon habitats in California, Oregon and Washington. The restrictions will be in place while NMFS analyzes the impact of the pesticides on salmon, and according to the settlement, EPA will then be required to enact permanent protections based on the findings. The Fourth Circuit struck down similar provisions in 2013…
A recent Nature editorial warns that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) reluctance to approve genetically-modified (GM) salmon for market could hinder future research into new gene-editing techniques. Titled “Fishy Business,” the article claims that even though a draft assessment found AquaBounty Technologies’ GM salmon “environmentally benign,” FDA conducted many of its deliberations “behind closed doors, fuelling confusion as to the cause of the setbacks, and rumors of political interference.” “As the delays have dragged on, the technology used to make AquaBounty’s salmon has become outdated,” explains the editorial. “In the current excitement over targeted gene editing that allows researchers to modify individual genes without leaving traces of foreign DNA, AquaBounty’s salmon—which contain a gene from another species—seem like a relic.” Meanwhile, FDA has yet to decide “how it will evaluate animals engineered with gene-editing techniques.” Raising questions about how these new products will fare under FDA’s oversight, the…
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have joined to issue draft guidance on mercury levels and fish consumption, directed at pregnant women and guardians of young children. Recommendations include eating 8 to 12 ounces (two to three servings) of low-mercury fish like tilapia, catfish, cod, salmon, and shrimp as well as avoiding four fish high in mercury (shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish from the Gulf of Mexico) and limiting albacore tuna intake to less than 6 ounces per week. The conclusion of the comment period has not yet been announced. More information on FDA’s updated guidance appears in Issue 525 of this Update. Issue 526
Research presented at the Experimental Biology 2014 meeting has apparently confirmed the importance of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), concluding that lower intakes of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) were predictive of cognitive decline. According to an April 27, 2014, press release, scientists with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University used food-frequency questionnaires to assess the consumption of omega-3 PUFAs among 895 study participants, who also completed cognitive testing over a two-year follow-up period. The results evidently showed that participants in the lowest four quintiles of EPA and DHA consumption showed more signs of cognitive decline than those in the highest quintile. “While more research is needed to determine whether intake of fatty fish such as salmon, tuna and trout can help prevent against cognitive decline, our preliminary data support previous research showing that intake of these types of…
